Chronology of Events in Pakistan from Historical Perspective

Pakistan-Table A Chronology of Important Events Pakistan Index Period Description ancient EMPIRES ca. 2500-1600 B. C. Indus Valley culture ca. 1500-500 B. C. Migrations of Indo-Aryan- speaking tribes the Vedic Age. ca. 563-483 B. C. Life of Siddartha Gautamathe Buddha founding of Buddhism. ca. 321-180 B. C. Mauryan conglomerate reign of Ashoka (r. ca. 274-236 B. C. ) spread of Buddhism. ca. 180 B. C. -A. D. 150 Saka dynasties in Indus Valley. ca. A. D. 78-ca. 200 Kushan conglomerate Gandharan art flourishes. ca. A. D. 319-ca. 600 Gupta Empire classical age in northern India.COMING OF ISLAM 711 Muhammad hive away Qasim, an Arab general, conquers Sindh and incorporates it into Umayyad Caliphate. 1001-1030 Mahmud of Ghazni raids Indian subcontinent from Afghanistan. 1192 Muhammad of Ghor defeats Rajputs. 1206-1526 Delhi Sultanate. 1398 Timur destroys Delhi. THE MUGHAL PERIOD 1526 Babur defeats last Lodhi sultan in freshman contend of Panipat, thus laying foundation of Mughal Empir e. 1556 Akbar victorious in second baseBattle of Panipat. 1556-1605 rule of Akbar. 1605-27 direct of Jahangir in 1612 East India Company opens first trading post (factory). 1628-58 Reign of Shah Jahan, builder of Taj Mahal. 1658-1707 Reign of Aurangzeb, last great Mughal ruler. 1707-1858 Lesser emperors decline of Mughal Empire. British PERIOD 1757 Battle of Plassey and British victory over Mughal forces in Bengal conventional date for beginning of British rule in India. 799-1839 Sikh kingdom granted in Punjab to a lower place Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 1830s Institution of British education and other reform measures. 1838-42 First Anglo-Afghan War. 1843 British annex Sindh, Hyderabad, and Khairpur. 1845-49 Sikh Wars British annex Punjab Kashmir sold to Dogra Dynasty, to be ruled under British paramountcy. 1857-58 Uprising, variously known as Indian Mutiny, Sepoy Rebellion, and by Indian nationalists as First War of Independence. 858 East India Company dissolved rule of India under British crown (the British Raj) begins marks formal end of Mughal Empire. 1878-80 entropy Anglo-Afghan War. 1885 Indian case Congress formed. 1893 Durand Line established as terminus ad quem between Afghanistan and British India. 1905 cleavage of Bengal. 1906 All-India Islamic League founded. 1909 Morley-Minto Reforms establish severalise electorates for Muslims. 911 Partition of Bengal annulled. 1916 Congress-Muslim League Pact (often referred to as Lucknow Pact) signed. 1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms Third Anglo-Afghan War. 1935 Government of India carry of 1935. 1940 Muslim League adopts Pakistan Resolution demanding separate nation for Muslims of India. Two Nations opening articulated by Muslim League leader Mohammad Ali Jinnah and others. 1946 August Muslim League observes Direct Action Day. Widespread communal rioting spreads to more parts of India. 1947 June Legislation introduced in British Parliament calling for emancipation and partition of India communal riot ing and mass movements of population begin, resulting in adjacent months in 250,000 deaths and up to 24 million refugees. INDEPENDENT PAKISTAN 1947 August Partition of British India India achieves independence and incorporates West Bengal and Assam Pakistan is created and incorporates East Bengal (East Wing, or East Pakistan) and dominion in the northwest (West Wing, or West Pakistan)Jinnah becomes governor general of Pakistan Liaquat Ali caravansary becomes prime attend. October Start of first Indo-Pakistani War over sovereignty of Kashmir. 1948 family Jinnah dies Khwaja Nazimuddin becomes governor general. 1949 January linked Nations-arranged cease- fire between Pakistan and India takes effect. 1951 October Liaquat assassinated Nazimuddin becomes prime minister Ghulam Mohammad becomes governor general. 1955 August Ghulam Mohammad resigns succeeded by Iskander Mirza.October One Unit Plan establishes the intravenous feeding provinces of West Pakistan as one administrative unit . 1956 March Constitution pick out Mirza becomes president. 1958 October Mirza abrogates constitution and declares martial police Mirza sent into exile Chief soldierly Law Administrator (CMLA) General Mohammad Ayub caravanserai assumes presidency. 1965 August Start of second Indo-Pakistani War over Kashmir. 1969 March Martial law declare Ayub caravansary resigns CMLA General Agha Mohammad Yahya caravansary ssumes presidency. 1970 July One Unit Plan abolished four provinces reestablished in West Pakistan. declination First general elections Awami League under Mujib secures downright majority in unfermented subject field Assembly West Pakistan-dominated governing body declines to convene assembly. 1971 March East Pakistan attempts to secede, beginning civil war tribal sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib), imprisoned in West Pakistan, declared provisional president. April Formal firmness of independence of Bangladesh issued Mujib named president. declination Pakistan launches pree mptive air strikes against India India invades East Pakistan India recognizes Bangladesh Pakistani soldiers forces in East Pakistan surrender to Indian armed forces, marking Bangladeshi independence Yahya Khan resigns Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto becomes CMLA and president. 1972 July Bhutto and Indias prime minister, Indira Gandhi, conclude Simla Agreement, adjusting 1949 cease-fire line between Pakistan and India and creating new line of control. 1973 August new-sprung(prenominal) constitution goes into effect Bhutto becomes prime inister. 1976 February Pakistan and Bangladesh establish diplomatic relations. 1977 March General elections massive victory by Bhuttos society evokes far-flung rioting and protest. July Army chief of staff, General Mohammad Zia ul-Haq, appoints himself CMLA and proclaims martial law. 1978 kinsfolk Mohammad Zia ul-Haq becomes nations sixth president, replacing Fazal Elahi Chaudhry. 1979 February Islamic penal code introduced. April Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto hanged.No vember Mob storms and burn down down fall in States Embassy in Islamabad, killing two Americans and two Pakistani employees United States cultural centers in Rawalpindi and Lahore also torched attacks in response to Iranian-inspired rumors that United States citizens responsible for November 20 attack on Grand Mosque in Mecca. December Large-scale movements of Soviet troops and military equipment into Afghanistan. 1980 January United States president lever Carter pledges military assistance to help Pakistan defend itself against Soviet hreat Carter offers US$four hundred million, rejected by Zia as peanuts. 1983 August hot seat Zia ul-Haq announces that martial law leave behind be lifted in 1985 but warns that army will retain key role in future governments. 1985 January Non-Islamic banking abolished. February General elections held for National Assembly. March Mohammad Khan Junejo invited by Zia to form civilian cabinet. July Economy declared to be in conformity with Islam. 1 986 August Movement for the Restoration f Democracy (MRD) launches campaign against government, demanding new general elections Benazir Bhutto arrested in Karachi. December New national cabinet sworn into office by President Zia with Mohammad Khan Junejo continuing as prime minister. May Prime Minister Junejo expands federal government to include five new ministers and three new ministers of verbalise President Zia dismisses Junejo government, dissolves national and provincial assemblies, and frames new elections to be held within 90 days. August Zia, the United States mbassador to Pakistan, and top army officials killed in mysterious sheet crash near Bahawalpur in Punjab Ghulam Ishaq Khan, chairman of Senate, sworn in as acting president General Mirza Aslam Beg becomes chief of the army staff. October Salman Rushdies novel, The darned Verses, banned in Pakistan joint United States- Pakistani investigatory committee concludes that Zias death was caused by criminal act of sabo tage. November Elections held for National Assembly Pakistan Peoples ships company (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty) wins ninety-three out of 207 seats contested.December Benazir Bhutto sworn in as first female prime minister of a Muslim nation palatopharyngoplasty and MQM parties sign Karachi Declaration, an accord to restore peace in Sindh Pakistan and India sign accords at South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit in Islamabad, including correspondence non to attack each others nuclear facilities. June Combined Opposition Parties (COP), consisting of to the highest degree opposition groups, formed in National Assembly, with Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi as leader. February Soviet matrimony completes withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan.September Pakistans largest ever military exercise, Zarb- e Momin (Sword of the Faithful), commences. October Pakistan rejoins Commonwealth of Nations. December Ethnic riots in Sindh claim scores of lives. 1990 May-June Ethnic troub les mount in Sindh rift develops between PPP and nuclear fusion partners. August President Ghulam Ishaq Khan di smisses Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, her cabinet, and National Assembly orders new elections for October 24, 1990 Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi becomes caretaker prime inister. October United States president George Bush is unable to deliver annual certification that Pakistan does not possess nuclear weapons as condition of continued assistance and ordnance and technology transfers, leading to cutoff of most aid. National elections held Bhuttos PPP loses to coalition of rightist parties. November Mian Nawaz Sharif elected prime minister. 1991 February Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif liberalizes economy, lifts controls on irrelevant currency entering country, and announces policies to encourage new investment numerous pro-Iraq emonstrations and widespread public opposition to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharifs support of Desert fall upon but pro-United Nations stance reiterated. May Sha riat Bill is adopted by National Assembly. July Opposition members call upon president to dismiss government because of deteriorating law and order situation, particularly in Sindh. 1992 December Babri Mosque in Ayodya, India, destroyed by Hindi fundamentalists seeking to build Hindu temple on contested lay communal violence mounts over incident Pakistan asks Indian government to hold dear Muslims in India. 993 April President Ishaq Khan dismisses government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, citing corruption. July President Ishaq Khan and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif resign under pressure from military World Bank officer, Moeen Qureshi, named caretaker prime minister pending elections in October. October Benazir Bhuttos PPP wins slim margin in national elections and builds coalition government Benazir ordained prime minister. November PPP stalwart, Farooq Leghari, defeats acting President Wassim Sajjad and becomes president. Data as of April 1994